Global Commercial Laminators Market Research Report 2024
SKU ID : QYR-27220014 | Publishing Date : 17-Apr-2024 | No. of pages : 86
Detailed TOC of Global Commercial Laminators Market Research Report 2024
1 Commercial Laminators Market Overview1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Commercial Laminators Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Commercial Laminators Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 Instant Coating Machine
1.2.3 Pre-coated Machine
1.3 Commercial Laminators Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Commercial Laminators Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 Printing Industry
1.3.3 Advertising Industry
1.3.4 Packaging Industry
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Commercial Laminators Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Commercial Laminators Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Commercial Laminators Production Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.4 Global Commercial Laminators Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Commercial Laminators Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.2 Global Commercial Laminators Production Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.3 Global Key Players of Commercial Laminators, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
2.4 Global Commercial Laminators Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.5 Global Commercial Laminators Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Commercial Laminators, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Commercial Laminators, Product Offered and Application
2.8 Global Key Manufacturers of Commercial Laminators, Date of Enter into This Industry
2.9 Commercial Laminators Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.9.1 Commercial Laminators Market Concentration Rate
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Commercial Laminators Players Market Share by Revenue
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Commercial Laminators Production by Region
3.1 Global Commercial Laminators Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.2 Global Commercial Laminators Production Value by Region (2019-2030)
3.2.1 Global Commercial Laminators Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of Commercial Laminators by Region (2025-2030)
3.3 Global Commercial Laminators Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.4 Global Commercial Laminators Production by Region (2019-2030)
3.4.1 Global Commercial Laminators Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of Commercial Laminators by Region (2025-2030)
3.5 Global Commercial Laminators Market Price Analysis by Region (2019-2024)
3.6 Global Commercial Laminators Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth
3.6.1 North America Commercial Laminators Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.2 Europe Commercial Laminators Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.3 China Commercial Laminators Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.4 Japan Commercial Laminators Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
4 Commercial Laminators Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Commercial Laminators Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global Commercial Laminators Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global Commercial Laminators Consumption by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Commercial Laminators Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 North America
4.3.1 North America Commercial Laminators Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.3.2 North America Commercial Laminators Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.3.3 U.S.
4.3.4 Canada
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 Europe Commercial Laminators Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.4.2 Europe Commercial Laminators Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.4.3 Germany
4.4.4 France
4.4.5 U.K.
4.4.6 Italy
4.4.7 Russia
4.5 Asia Pacific
4.5.1 Asia Pacific Commercial Laminators Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.5.2 Asia Pacific Commercial Laminators Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.5.3 China
4.5.4 Japan
4.5.5 South Korea
4.5.6 China Taiwan
4.5.7 Southeast Asia
4.5.8 India
4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa
4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Commercial Laminators Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Commercial Laminators Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.6.3 Mexico
4.6.4 Brazil
4.6.5 Turkey
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global Commercial Laminators Production by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.1 Global Commercial Laminators Production by Type (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Commercial Laminators Production by Type (2025-2030)
5.1.3 Global Commercial Laminators Production Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Commercial Laminators Production Value by Type (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global Commercial Laminators Production Value by Type (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Commercial Laminators Production Value by Type (2025-2030)
5.2.3 Global Commercial Laminators Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Commercial Laminators Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global Commercial Laminators Production by Application (2019-2030)
6.1.1 Global Commercial Laminators Production by Application (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Global Commercial Laminators Production by Application (2025-2030)
6.1.3 Global Commercial Laminators Production Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Commercial Laminators Production Value by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.1 Global Commercial Laminators Production Value by Application (2019-2024)
6.2.2 Global Commercial Laminators Production Value by Application (2025-2030)
6.2.3 Global Commercial Laminators Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Global Commercial Laminators Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 USI
7.1.1 USI Commercial Laminators Corporation Information
7.1.2 USI Commercial Laminators Product Portfolio
7.1.3 USI Commercial Laminators Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.1.4 USI Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 USI Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 3M
7.2.1 3M Commercial Laminators Corporation Information
7.2.2 3M Commercial Laminators Product Portfolio
7.2.3 3M Commercial Laminators Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.2.4 3M Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 3M Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 G B Tech India
7.3.1 G B Tech India Commercial Laminators Corporation Information
7.3.2 G B Tech India Commercial Laminators Product Portfolio
7.3.3 G B Tech India Commercial Laminators Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.3.4 G B Tech India Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 G B Tech India Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 GBC
7.4.1 GBC Commercial Laminators Corporation Information
7.4.2 GBC Commercial Laminators Product Portfolio
7.4.3 GBC Commercial Laminators Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.4.4 GBC Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 GBC Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 Royal Sovereign
7.5.1 Royal Sovereign Commercial Laminators Corporation Information
7.5.2 Royal Sovereign Commercial Laminators Product Portfolio
7.5.3 Royal Sovereign Commercial Laminators Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.5.4 Royal Sovereign Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 Royal Sovereign Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 GMP
7.6.1 GMP Commercial Laminators Corporation Information
7.6.2 GMP Commercial Laminators Product Portfolio
7.6.3 GMP Commercial Laminators Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.6.4 GMP Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 GMP Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 Cyklos
7.7.1 Cyklos Commercial Laminators Corporation Information
7.7.2 Cyklos Commercial Laminators Product Portfolio
7.7.3 Cyklos Commercial Laminators Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.7.4 Cyklos Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Cyklos Recent Developments/Updates
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 Commercial Laminators Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 Commercial Laminators Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.3 Commercial Laminators Production Mode & Process
8.4 Commercial Laminators Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 Commercial Laminators Sales Channels
8.4.2 Commercial Laminators Distributors
8.5 Commercial Laminators Customers
9 Commercial Laminators Market Dynamics
9.1 Commercial Laminators Industry Trends
9.2 Commercial Laminators Market Drivers
9.3 Commercial Laminators Market Challenges
9.4 Commercial Laminators Market Restraints
10 Research Finding and Conclusion
11 Methodology and Data Source
11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
11.1.1 Research Programs/Design
11.1.2 Market Size Estimation
11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
11.2 Data Source
11.2.1 Secondary Sources
11.2.2 Primary Sources
11.3 Author List
11.4 Disclaimer
List of Figures, Tables and Charts Available in Global Commercial Laminators Market Research Report 2024
List of TablesTable 1. Global Commercial Laminators Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 2. Global Commercial Laminators Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 3. Global Commercial Laminators Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2023
Table 4. Global Commercial Laminators Production by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Commercial Laminators Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 6. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 8. Global Commercial Laminators Industry Ranking 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Commercial Laminators as of 2023)
Table 10. Global Market Commercial Laminators Average Price by Manufacturers (USD/Unit) & (2019-2024)
Table 11. Manufacturers Commercial Laminators Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Commercial Laminators Product Types
Table 13. Global Commercial Laminators Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 15. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 17. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 19. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 20. Global Commercial Laminators Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 21. Global Commercial Laminators Production (K Units) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 22. Global Commercial Laminators Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 23. Global Commercial Laminators Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 24. Global Commercial Laminators Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 25. Global Commercial Laminators Market Average Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 26. Global Commercial Laminators Market Average Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2025-2030)
Table 27. Global Commercial Laminators Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 28. Global Commercial Laminators Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global Commercial Laminators Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global Commercial Laminators Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 31. Global Commercial Laminators Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 32. North America Commercial Laminators Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 33. North America Commercial Laminators Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 34. North America Commercial Laminators Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 35. Europe Commercial Laminators Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Commercial Laminators Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Commercial Laminators Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 38. Asia Pacific Commercial Laminators Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Commercial Laminators Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Commercial Laminators Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 41. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Commercial Laminators Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Commercial Laminators Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Commercial Laminators Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 44. Global Commercial Laminators Production (K Units) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global Commercial Laminators Production (K Units) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 46. Global Commercial Laminators Production Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 47. Global Commercial Laminators Production Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 48. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 49. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 50. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 51. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 52. Global Commercial Laminators Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 53. Global Commercial Laminators Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 54. Global Commercial Laminators Production (K Units) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 55. Global Commercial Laminators Production (K Units) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 56. Global Commercial Laminators Production Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 57. Global Commercial Laminators Production Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 58. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 59. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 60. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 61. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 62. Global Commercial Laminators Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 63. Global Commercial Laminators Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 64. USI Commercial Laminators Corporation Information
Table 65. USI Specification and Application
Table 66. USI Commercial Laminators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 67. USI Main Business and Markets Served
Table 68. USI Recent Developments/Updates
Table 69. 3M Commercial Laminators Corporation Information
Table 70. 3M Specification and Application
Table 71. 3M Commercial Laminators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 72. 3M Main Business and Markets Served
Table 73. 3M Recent Developments/Updates
Table 74. G B Tech India Commercial Laminators Corporation Information
Table 75. G B Tech India Specification and Application
Table 76. G B Tech India Commercial Laminators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 77. G B Tech India Main Business and Markets Served
Table 78. G B Tech India Recent Developments/Updates
Table 79. GBC Commercial Laminators Corporation Information
Table 80. GBC Specification and Application
Table 81. GBC Commercial Laminators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 82. GBC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 83. GBC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 84. Royal Sovereign Commercial Laminators Corporation Information
Table 85. Royal Sovereign Specification and Application
Table 86. Royal Sovereign Commercial Laminators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 87. Royal Sovereign Main Business and Markets Served
Table 88. Royal Sovereign Recent Developments/Updates
Table 89. GMP Commercial Laminators Corporation Information
Table 90. GMP Specification and Application
Table 91. GMP Commercial Laminators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 92. GMP Main Business and Markets Served
Table 93. GMP Recent Developments/Updates
Table 94. Cyklos Commercial Laminators Corporation Information
Table 95. Cyklos Specification and Application
Table 96. Cyklos Commercial Laminators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 97. Cyklos Main Business and Markets Served
Table 98. Cyklos Recent Developments/Updates
Table 99. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 100. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 101. Commercial Laminators Distributors List
Table 102. Commercial Laminators Customers List
Table 103. Commercial Laminators Market Trends
Table 104. Commercial Laminators Market Drivers
Table 105. Commercial Laminators Market Challenges
Table 106. Commercial Laminators Market Restraints
Table 107. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 108. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 109. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Commercial Laminators
Figure 2. Global Commercial Laminators Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 3. Global Commercial Laminators Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 4. Instant Coating Machine Product Picture
Figure 5. Pre-coated Machine Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Commercial Laminators Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 7. Global Commercial Laminators Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 8. Printing Industry
Figure 9. Advertising Industry
Figure 10. Packaging Industry
Figure 11. Other
Figure 12. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 13. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value (US$ Million) & (2019-2030)
Figure 14. Global Commercial Laminators Production (K Units) & (2019-2030)
Figure 15. Global Commercial Laminators Average Price (USD/Unit) & (2019-2030)
Figure 16. Commercial Laminators Report Years Considered
Figure 17. Commercial Laminators Production Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 18. Commercial Laminators Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 19. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Commercial Laminators Revenue in 2023
Figure 20. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 21. Global Commercial Laminators Production Value Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 22. Global Commercial Laminators Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 23. Global Commercial Laminators Production Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 24. North America Commercial Laminators Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 25. Europe Commercial Laminators Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 26. China Commercial Laminators Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 27. Japan Commercial Laminators Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 28. Global Commercial Laminators Consumption by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 29. Global Commercial Laminators Consumption Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 30. North America Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 31. North America Commercial Laminators Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 32. Canada Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 33. U.S. Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 34. Europe Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 35. Europe Commercial Laminators Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 36. Germany Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 37. France Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 38. U.K. Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 39. Italy Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 40. Russia Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 41. Asia Pacific Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Commercial Laminators Consumption Market Share by Regions (2019-2030)
Figure 43. China Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Japan Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 45. South Korea Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 46. China Taiwan Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 47. Southeast Asia Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 48. India Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 49. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Commercial Laminators Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 51. Mexico Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Brazil Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Turkey Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 54. GCC Countries Commercial Laminators Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 55. Global Production Market Share of Commercial Laminators by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 56. Global Production Value Market Share of Commercial Laminators by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 57. Global Commercial Laminators Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Commercial Laminators by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Commercial Laminators by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 60. Global Commercial Laminators Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Commercial Laminators Value Chain
Figure 62. Commercial Laminators Production Process
Figure 63. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 64. Distributors Profiles
Figure 65. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 66. Data Triangulation